Integral de $$$\sqrt{x^{2} - x + 1}$$$

Halla $$$\int \sqrt{x^{2} - x + 1}\, dx$$$.

Completa el cuadrado (se pueden ver los pasos »): $$$x^{2} - x + 1 = \left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)^{2} + \frac{3}{4}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{x^{2} - x + 1} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{\left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)^{2} + \frac{3}{4}} d x}}}$$

Sea $$$u=x - \frac{1}{2}$$$.

Entonces $$$du=\left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)^{\prime }dx = 1 dx$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »), y obtenemos que $$$dx = du$$$.

La integral se convierte en

$${\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{\left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)^{2} + \frac{3}{4}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{u^{2} + \frac{3}{4}} d u}}}$$

Sea $$$u=\frac{\sqrt{3} \sinh{\left(v \right)}}{2}$$$.

Entonces $$$du=\left(\frac{\sqrt{3} \sinh{\left(v \right)}}{2}\right)^{\prime }dv = \frac{\sqrt{3} \cosh{\left(v \right)}}{2} dv$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »).

Además, se sigue que $$$v=\operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} u}{3} \right)}$$$.

Entonces,

$$$\sqrt{ u ^{2} + \frac{3}{4}} = \sqrt{\frac{3 \sinh^{2}{\left( v \right)}}{4} + \frac{3}{4}}$$$

Utiliza la identidad $$$\sinh^{2}{\left( v \right)} + 1 = \cosh^{2}{\left( v \right)}$$$:

$$$\sqrt{\frac{3 \sinh^{2}{\left( v \right)}}{4} + \frac{3}{4}}=\frac{\sqrt{3} \sqrt{\sinh^{2}{\left( v \right)} + 1}}{2}=\frac{\sqrt{3} \sqrt{\cosh^{2}{\left( v \right)}}}{2}$$$

$$$\frac{\sqrt{3} \sqrt{\cosh^{2}{\left( v \right)}}}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{3} \cosh{\left( v \right)}}{2}$$$

La integral puede reescribirse como

$${\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{u^{2} + \frac{3}{4}} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{3 \cosh^{2}{\left(v \right)}}{4} d v}}}$$

Aplica la regla del factor constante $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$ con $$$c=\frac{3}{4}$$$ y $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \cosh^{2}{\left(v \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{3 \cosh^{2}{\left(v \right)}}{4} d v}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{3 \int{\cosh^{2}{\left(v \right)} d v}}{4}\right)}}$$

Aplica la fórmula de reducción de potencia $$$\cosh^{2}{\left(\alpha \right)} = \frac{\cosh{\left(2 \alpha \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}$$$ con $$$\alpha= v $$$:

$$\frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\cosh^{2}{\left(v \right)} d v}}}}{4} = \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cosh{\left(2 v \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)d v}}}}{4}$$

Aplica la regla del factor constante $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$ con $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ y $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \cosh{\left(2 v \right)} + 1$$$:

$$\frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cosh{\left(2 v \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)d v}}}}{4} = \frac{3 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(\cosh{\left(2 v \right)} + 1\right)d v}}{2}\right)}}}{4}$$

Integra término a término:

$$\frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\cosh{\left(2 v \right)} + 1\right)d v}}}}{8} = \frac{3 {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d v} + \int{\cosh{\left(2 v \right)} d v}\right)}}}{8}$$

Aplica la regla de la constante $$$\int c\, dv = c v$$$ con $$$c=1$$$:

$$\frac{3 \int{\cosh{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{1 d v}}}}{8} = \frac{3 \int{\cosh{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{v}}}{8}$$

Sea $$$w=2 v$$$.

Entonces $$$dw=\left(2 v\right)^{\prime }dv = 2 dv$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »), y obtenemos que $$$dv = \frac{dw}{2}$$$.

La integral se convierte en

$$\frac{3 v}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\cosh{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}}}{8} = \frac{3 v}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cosh{\left(w \right)}}{2} d w}}}}{8}$$

Aplica la regla del factor constante $$$\int c f{\left(w \right)}\, dw = c \int f{\left(w \right)}\, dw$$$ con $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ y $$$f{\left(w \right)} = \cosh{\left(w \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{3 v}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cosh{\left(w \right)}}{2} d w}}}}{8} = \frac{3 v}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cosh{\left(w \right)} d w}}{2}\right)}}}{8}$$

La integral del coseno hiperbólico es $$$\int{\cosh{\left(w \right)} d w} = \sinh{\left(w \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{3 v}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\cosh{\left(w \right)} d w}}}}{16} = \frac{3 v}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\sinh{\left(w \right)}}}}{16}$$

Recordemos que $$$w=2 v$$$:

$$\frac{3 v}{8} + \frac{3 \sinh{\left({\color{red}{w}} \right)}}{16} = \frac{3 v}{8} + \frac{3 \sinh{\left({\color{red}{\left(2 v\right)}} \right)}}{16}$$

Recordemos que $$$v=\operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} u}{3} \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{3 \sinh{\left(2 {\color{red}{v}} \right)}}{16} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{v}}}{8} = \frac{3 \sinh{\left(2 {\color{red}{\operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} u}{3} \right)}}} \right)}}{16} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} u}{3} \right)}}}}{8}$$

Recordemos que $$$u=x - \frac{1}{2}$$$:

$$\frac{3 \sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} {\color{red}{u}}}{3} \right)} \right)}}{16} + \frac{3 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} {\color{red}{u}}}{3} \right)}}{8} = \frac{3 \sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} {\color{red}{\left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)}}}{3} \right)} \right)}}{16} + \frac{3 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} {\color{red}{\left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)}}}{3} \right)}}{8}$$

Por lo tanto,

$$\int{\sqrt{x^{2} - x + 1} d x} = \frac{3 \sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} \left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)}{3} \right)} \right)}}{16} + \frac{3 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} \left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)}{3} \right)}}{8}$$

Usando las fórmulas $$$\sin{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}$$$, $$$\sin{\left(2 \operatorname{acos}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}$$$, $$$\cos{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 1 - 2 \alpha^{2}$$$, $$$\cos{\left(2 \operatorname{acos}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} - 1$$$, $$$\sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{\alpha^{2} + 1}$$$, $$$\sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{acosh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{\alpha - 1} \sqrt{\alpha + 1}$$$, $$$\cosh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} + 1$$$, $$$\cosh{\left(2 \operatorname{acosh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} - 1$$$, simplifica la expresión:

$$\int{\sqrt{x^{2} - x + 1} d x} = \frac{\sqrt{3} \left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right) \sqrt{\frac{4 \left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}}{3} + 1}}{4} + \frac{3 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{2 \sqrt{3} \left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)}{3} \right)}}{8}$$

Simplificar más:

$$\int{\sqrt{x^{2} - x + 1} d x} = \frac{\left(2 x - 1\right) \sqrt{\left(2 x - 1\right)^{2} + 3}}{8} + \frac{3 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{3} \left(2 x - 1\right)}{3} \right)}}{8}$$

Añade la constante de integración:

$$\int{\sqrt{x^{2} - x + 1} d x} = \frac{\left(2 x - 1\right) \sqrt{\left(2 x - 1\right)^{2} + 3}}{8} + \frac{3 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{3} \left(2 x - 1\right)}{3} \right)}}{8}+C$$

$$$\int \sqrt{x^{2} - x + 1}\, dx = \left(\frac{\left(2 x - 1\right) \sqrt{\left(2 x - 1\right)^{2} + 3}}{8} + \frac{3 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{3} \left(2 x - 1\right)}{3} \right)}}{8}\right) + C$$$A