Integral de $$$\frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x^{2}}$$$

Halla $$$\int \frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x^{2}}\, dx$$$.

Sea $$$x=3 \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$.

Entonces $$$dx=\left(3 \sin{\left(u \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = 3 \cos{\left(u \right)} du$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »).

Además, se sigue que $$$u=\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{3} \right)}$$$.

Por lo tanto,

$$$\frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x^{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{9 - 9 \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{9 \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}$$$

Utiliza la identidad $$$1 - \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)} = \cos^{2}{\left( u \right)}$$$:

$$$\frac{\sqrt{9 - 9 \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{9 \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}=\frac{\sqrt{1 - \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{3 \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}=\frac{\sqrt{\cos^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{3 \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}$$$

Suponiendo que $$$\cos{\left( u \right)} \ge 0$$$, obtenemos lo siguiente:

$$$\frac{\sqrt{\cos^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{3 \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}} = \frac{\cos{\left( u \right)}}{3 \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}$$$

Por lo tanto,

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x^{2}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{\sin^{2}{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}$$

Reescribe en términos de la cotangente:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{\sin^{2}{\left(u \right)}} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\cot^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}$$

Sea $$$v=\cot{\left(u \right)}$$$.

Entonces $$$dv=\left(\cot{\left(u \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = - \csc^{2}{\left(u \right)} du$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »), y obtenemos que $$$\csc^{2}{\left(u \right)} du = - dv$$$.

Entonces,

$${\color{red}{\int{\cot^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{v^{2}}{v^{2} + 1}\right)d v}}}$$

Aplica la regla del factor constante $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$ con $$$c=-1$$$ y $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \frac{v^{2}}{v^{2} + 1}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{v^{2}}{v^{2} + 1}\right)d v}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\frac{v^{2}}{v^{2} + 1} d v}\right)}}$$

Reescribe y separa la fracción:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\frac{v^{2}}{v^{2} + 1} d v}}} = - {\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \frac{1}{v^{2} + 1}\right)d v}}}$$

Integra término a término:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \frac{1}{v^{2} + 1}\right)d v}}} = - {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d v} - \int{\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1} d v}\right)}}$$

Aplica la regla de la constante $$$\int c\, dv = c v$$$ con $$$c=1$$$:

$$\int{\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1} d v} - {\color{red}{\int{1 d v}}} = \int{\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1} d v} - {\color{red}{v}}$$

La integral de $$$\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1}$$$ es $$$\int{\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1} d v} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(v \right)}$$$:

$$- v + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1} d v}}} = - v + {\color{red}{\operatorname{atan}{\left(v \right)}}}$$

Recordemos que $$$v=\cot{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$\operatorname{atan}{\left({\color{red}{v}} \right)} - {\color{red}{v}} = \operatorname{atan}{\left({\color{red}{\cot{\left(u \right)}}} \right)} - {\color{red}{\cot{\left(u \right)}}}$$

Recordemos que $$$u=\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{3} \right)}$$$:

$$- \cot{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} + \operatorname{atan}{\left(\cot{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} \right)} = - \cot{\left({\color{red}{\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{3} \right)}}} \right)} + \operatorname{atan}{\left(\cot{\left({\color{red}{\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{3} \right)}}} \right)} \right)}$$

Por lo tanto,

$$\int{\frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x^{2}} d x} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{3 \sqrt{1 - \frac{x^{2}}{9}}}{x} \right)} - \frac{3 \sqrt{1 - \frac{x^{2}}{9}}}{x}$$

Simplificar:

$$\int{\frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x^{2}} d x} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x} \right)} - \frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x}$$

Añade la constante de integración:

$$\int{\frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x^{2}} d x} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x} \right)} - \frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x^{2}}\, dx = \left(\operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x} \right)} - \frac{\sqrt{9 - x^{2}}}{x}\right) + C$$$A