Integral de $$$\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)}$$$

Halla $$$\int \sec^{5}{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$.

Para la integral $$$\int{\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)} d u}$$$, utiliza la integración por partes $$$\int \operatorname{g} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{g}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{dg}$$$.

Sean $$$\operatorname{g}=\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}$$$ y $$$\operatorname{dv}=\sec^{2}{\left(u \right)} du$$$.

Entonces $$$\operatorname{dg}=\left(\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}\right)^{\prime }du=3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} du$$$ (los pasos pueden verse ») y $$$\operatorname{v}=\int{\sec^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)}$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »).

Por lo tanto,

$$\int{\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)} d u}=\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} \cdot \tan{\left(u \right)}-\int{\tan{\left(u \right)} \cdot 3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} - \int{3 \tan^{2}{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}$$

Extrae la constante:

$$\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} - \int{3 \tan^{2}{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} - 3 \int{\tan^{2}{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}$$

Aplica la fórmula $$$\tan^{2}{\left(u \right)} = \sec^{2}{\left(u \right)} - 1$$$:

$$\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} - 3 \int{\tan^{2}{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} - 3 \int{\left(\sec^{2}{\left(u \right)} - 1\right) \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}$$

Expandir:

$$\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} - 3 \int{\left(\sec^{2}{\left(u \right)} - 1\right) \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} - 3 \int{\left(\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)} - \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}\right)d u}$$

La integral de una diferencia es la diferencia de las integrales:

$$\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} - 3 \int{\left(\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)} - \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}\right)d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} + 3 \int{\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u} - 3 \int{\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)} d u}$$

Por lo tanto, obtenemos la siguiente ecuación lineal simple con respecto a la integral:

$${\color{red}{\int{\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} + 3 \int{\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u} - 3 {\color{red}{\int{\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}$$

Al resolverlo, obtenemos que

$$\int{\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)} d u}=\frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \int{\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}}{4}$$

Para la integral $$$\int{\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}$$$, utiliza la integración por partes $$$\int \operatorname{g} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{g}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{dg}$$$.

Sean $$$\operatorname{g}=\sec{\left(u \right)}$$$ y $$$\operatorname{dv}=\sec^{2}{\left(u \right)} du$$$.

Entonces $$$\operatorname{dg}=\left(\sec{\left(u \right)}\right)^{\prime }du=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} du$$$ (los pasos pueden verse ») y $$$\operatorname{v}=\int{\sec^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)}$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »).

Por lo tanto,

$$\int{\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}=\sec{\left(u \right)} \cdot \tan{\left(u \right)}-\int{\tan{\left(u \right)} \cdot \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} - \int{\tan^{2}{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} d u}$$

Aplica la fórmula $$$\tan^{2}{\left(u \right)} = \sec^{2}{\left(u \right)} - 1$$$:

$$\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} - \int{\tan^{2}{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} - \int{\left(\sec^{2}{\left(u \right)} - 1\right) \sec{\left(u \right)} d u}$$

Expandir:

$$\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} - \int{\left(\sec^{2}{\left(u \right)} - 1\right) \sec{\left(u \right)} d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} - \int{\left(\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} - \sec{\left(u \right)}\right)d u}$$

La integral de una diferencia es la diferencia de las integrales:

$$\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} - \int{\left(\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} - \sec{\left(u \right)}\right)d u}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} + \int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u} - \int{\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}$$

Por lo tanto, obtenemos la siguiente ecuación lineal simple con respecto a la integral:

$${\color{red}{\int{\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}=\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)} + \int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u} - {\color{red}{\int{\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}$$

Al resolverlo, obtenemos que

$$\int{\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}=\frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{2} + \frac{\int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}{2}$$

Por lo tanto,

$$\frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\sec^{3}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{4} = \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{2} + \frac{\int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}{2}\right)}}}{4}$$

Reescribe la secante como $$$\sec\left(u\right)=\frac{1}{\cos\left(u\right)}$$$:

$$\frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{8} = \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}}{8}$$

Expresa el coseno en función del seno utilizando la fórmula $$$\cos\left(u\right)=\sin\left(u + \frac{\pi}{2}\right)$$$ y luego expresa el seno utilizando la fórmula del ángulo doble $$$\sin\left(u\right)=2\sin\left(\frac{u}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{u}{2}\right)$$$:

$$\frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}}{8} = \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{8}$$

Multiplica el numerador y el denominador por $$$\sec^2\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$$$:

$$\frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{8} = \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{8}$$

Sea $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$.

Entonces $$$dv=\left(\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = \frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2} du$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »), y obtenemos que $$$\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} du = 2 dv$$$.

Por lo tanto,

$$\frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{8} = \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{8}$$

La integral de $$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ es $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{8} = \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}}{8}$$

Recordemos que $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{3 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)}}{8} + \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8} = \frac{3 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}}}\right| \right)}}{8} + \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8}$$

Por lo tanto,

$$\int{\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)} d u} = \frac{3 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{8} + \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8}$$

Añade la constante de integración:

$$\int{\sec^{5}{\left(u \right)} d u} = \frac{3 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{8} + \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8}+C$$

$$$\int \sec^{5}{\left(u \right)}\, du = \left(\frac{3 \ln\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right|\right)}{8} + \frac{\tan{\left(u \right)} \sec^{3}{\left(u \right)}}{4} + \frac{3 \tan{\left(u \right)} \sec{\left(u \right)}}{8}\right) + C$$$A