Integral de $$$\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\cos{\left(x \right)}}$$$

Halla $$$\int \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\cos{\left(x \right)}}\, dx$$$.

Reescribe el integrando:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\cos{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{2 \cos^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 1}{\cos{\left(x \right)}} d x}}}$$

Expand the expression:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{2 \cos^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 1}{\cos{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(2 \cos{\left(x \right)} - \frac{1}{\cos{\left(x \right)}}\right)d x}}}$$

Integra término a término:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(2 \cos{\left(x \right)} - \frac{1}{\cos{\left(x \right)}}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(x \right)}} d x} + \int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x}\right)}}$$

Expresa el coseno en función del seno utilizando la fórmula $$$\cos\left(x\right)=\sin\left(x + \frac{\pi}{2}\right)$$$ y luego expresa el seno utilizando la fórmula del ángulo doble $$$\sin\left(x\right)=2\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)$$$:

$$\int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = \int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d x}}}$$

Multiplica el numerador y el denominador por $$$\sec^2\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$$$:

$$\int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d x}}} = \int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d x}}}$$

Sea $$$u=\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$.

Entonces $$$du=\left(\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2} dx$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »), y obtenemos que $$$\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} dx = 2 du$$$.

La integral se convierte en

$$\int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d x}}} = \int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}$$

La integral de $$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ es $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = \int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

Recordemos que $$$u=\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$:

$$- \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} + \int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} = - \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}}}\right| \right)} + \int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x}$$

Aplica la regla del factor constante $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ con $$$c=2$$$ y $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \cos{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)} + {\color{red}{\int{2 \cos{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = - \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)} + {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\cos{\left(x \right)} d x}\right)}}$$

La integral del coseno es $$$\int{\cos{\left(x \right)} d x} = \sin{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)} + 2 {\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = - \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)} + 2 {\color{red}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}}$$

Por lo tanto,

$$\int{\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\cos{\left(x \right)}} d x} = - \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)} + 2 \sin{\left(x \right)}$$

Añade la constante de integración:

$$\int{\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\cos{\left(x \right)}} d x} = - \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)} + 2 \sin{\left(x \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\cos{\left(x \right)}}\, dx = \left(- \ln\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right|\right) + 2 \sin{\left(x \right)}\right) + C$$$A