Integral de $$$\frac{1}{1 - \cos{\left(x \right)}}$$$

Halla $$$\int \frac{1}{1 - \cos{\left(x \right)}}\, dx$$$.

Reescribe el coseno usando la fórmula del ángulo doble $$$\cos\left(x\right)=1-2\sin^2\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)$$$ y simplifica:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{1 - \cos{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}}$$

Sea $$$u=\frac{x}{2}$$$.

Entonces $$$du=\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{dx}{2}$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »), y obtenemos que $$$dx = 2 du$$$.

La integral se convierte en

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\sin^{2}{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}$$

Reescribe el integrando en términos de la cosecante:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\sin^{2}{\left(u \right)}} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\csc^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}$$

La integral de $$$\csc^{2}{\left(u \right)}$$$ es $$$\int{\csc^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u} = - \cot{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\csc^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \cot{\left(u \right)}\right)}}$$

Recordemos que $$$u=\frac{x}{2}$$$:

$$- \cot{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} = - \cot{\left({\color{red}{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}} \right)}$$

Por lo tanto,

$$\int{\frac{1}{1 - \cos{\left(x \right)}} d x} = - \cot{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}$$

Añade la constante de integración:

$$\int{\frac{1}{1 - \cos{\left(x \right)}} d x} = - \cot{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{1}{1 - \cos{\left(x \right)}}\, dx = - \cot{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} + C$$$A