Ολοκλήρωμα του $$$\frac{\tan{\left(x \right)}}{\sec{\left(x \right)}}$$$

Βρείτε $$$\int \frac{\tan{\left(x \right)}}{\sec{\left(x \right)}}\, dx$$$.

Έστω $$$u=\sec{\left(x \right)}$$$.

Τότε $$$du=\left(\sec{\left(x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = \tan{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} dx$$$ (τα βήματα παρουσιάζονται »), και έχουμε ότι $$$\tan{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} dx = du$$$.

Επομένως,

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\tan{\left(x \right)}}{\sec{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u^{2}} d u}}}$$

Εφαρμόστε τον κανόνα δύναμης $$$\int u^{n}\, du = \frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$ με $$$n=-2$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u^{2}} d u}}}={\color{red}{\int{u^{-2} d u}}}={\color{red}{\frac{u^{-2 + 1}}{-2 + 1}}}={\color{red}{\left(- u^{-1}\right)}}={\color{red}{\left(- \frac{1}{u}\right)}}$$

Θυμηθείτε ότι $$$u=\sec{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- {\color{red}{u}}^{-1} = - {\color{red}{\sec{\left(x \right)}}}^{-1}$$

Επομένως,

$$\int{\frac{\tan{\left(x \right)}}{\sec{\left(x \right)}} d x} = - \frac{1}{\sec{\left(x \right)}}$$

Απλοποιήστε:

$$\int{\frac{\tan{\left(x \right)}}{\sec{\left(x \right)}} d x} = - \cos{\left(x \right)}$$

Προσθέστε τη σταθερά ολοκλήρωσης:

$$\int{\frac{\tan{\left(x \right)}}{\sec{\left(x \right)}} d x} = - \cos{\left(x \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{\tan{\left(x \right)}}{\sec{\left(x \right)}}\, dx = - \cos{\left(x \right)} + C$$$A