$$$u$$$ değişkenine göre $$$\sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}}$$$ fonksiyonunun integrali

Bulun: $$$\int \sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}}\, du$$$.

$$$u=\sin{\left(v \right)} \left|{a}\right|$$$ olsun.

O halde $$$du=\left(\sin{\left(v \right)} \left|{a}\right|\right)^{\prime }dv = \cos{\left(v \right)} \left|{a}\right| dv$$$ (adımlar » görülebilir).

Ayrıca, buradan $$$v=\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{\left|{a}\right|} \right)}$$$ elde edilir.

O halde,

$$$\sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}} = \sqrt{- a^{2} \sin^{2}{\left( v \right)} + a^{2}}$$$

Özdeşliği kullanın: $$$1 - \sin^{2}{\left( v \right)} = \cos^{2}{\left( v \right)}$$$

$$$\sqrt{- a^{2} \sin^{2}{\left( v \right)} + a^{2}}=\sqrt{1 - \sin^{2}{\left( v \right)}} \left|{a}\right|=\sqrt{\cos^{2}{\left( v \right)}} \left|{a}\right|$$$

$$$\cos{\left( v \right)} \ge 0$$$ olduğunu varsayarsak, aşağıdakileri elde ederiz:

$$$\sqrt{\cos^{2}{\left( v \right)}} \left|{a}\right| = \cos{\left( v \right)} \left|{a}\right|$$$

Dolayısıyla,

$${\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\int{a^{2} \cos^{2}{\left(v \right)} d v}}}$$

Kuvvet indirgeme formülü $$$\cos^{2}{\left(\alpha \right)} = \frac{\cos{\left(2 \alpha \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}$$$'i $$$\alpha= v $$$ ile uygula:

$${\color{red}{\int{a^{2} \cos^{2}{\left(v \right)} d v}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{a^{2} \left(\cos{\left(2 v \right)} + 1\right)}{2} d v}}}$$

Sabit katsayı kuralı $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$'i $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ ve $$$f{\left(v \right)} = a^{2} \left(\cos{\left(2 v \right)} + 1\right)$$$ ile uygula:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{a^{2} \left(\cos{\left(2 v \right)} + 1\right)}{2} d v}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{a^{2} \left(\cos{\left(2 v \right)} + 1\right) d v}}{2}\right)}}$$

Expand the expression:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{a^{2} \left(\cos{\left(2 v \right)} + 1\right) d v}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(a^{2} \cos{\left(2 v \right)} + a^{2}\right)d v}}}}{2}$$

Her terimin integralini alın:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(a^{2} \cos{\left(2 v \right)} + a^{2}\right)d v}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{a^{2} d v} + \int{a^{2} \cos{\left(2 v \right)} d v}\right)}}}{2}$$

$$$c=a^{2}$$$ kullanarak $$$\int c\, dv = c v$$$ sabit kuralını uygula:

$$\frac{\int{a^{2} \cos{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{a^{2} d v}}}}{2} = \frac{\int{a^{2} \cos{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{a^{2} v}}}{2}$$

Sabit katsayı kuralı $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$'i $$$c=a^{2}$$$ ve $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \cos{\left(2 v \right)}$$$ ile uygula:

$$\frac{a^{2} v}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{a^{2} \cos{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}}}{2} = \frac{a^{2} v}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{a^{2} \int{\cos{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}}}{2}$$

$$$w=2 v$$$ olsun.

Böylece $$$dw=\left(2 v\right)^{\prime }dv = 2 dv$$$ (adımlar » görülebilir) ve $$$dv = \frac{dw}{2}$$$ elde ederiz.

Dolayısıyla,

$$\frac{a^{2} v}{2} + \frac{a^{2} {\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}}}{2} = \frac{a^{2} v}{2} + \frac{a^{2} {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(w \right)}}{2} d w}}}}{2}$$

Sabit katsayı kuralı $$$\int c f{\left(w \right)}\, dw = c \int f{\left(w \right)}\, dw$$$'i $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ ve $$$f{\left(w \right)} = \cos{\left(w \right)}$$$ ile uygula:

$$\frac{a^{2} v}{2} + \frac{a^{2} {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(w \right)}}{2} d w}}}}{2} = \frac{a^{2} v}{2} + \frac{a^{2} {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(w \right)} d w}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

Kosinüsün integrali $$$\int{\cos{\left(w \right)} d w} = \sin{\left(w \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{a^{2} v}{2} + \frac{a^{2} {\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(w \right)} d w}}}}{4} = \frac{a^{2} v}{2} + \frac{a^{2} {\color{red}{\sin{\left(w \right)}}}}{4}$$

Hatırlayın ki $$$w=2 v$$$:

$$\frac{a^{2} v}{2} + \frac{a^{2} \sin{\left({\color{red}{w}} \right)}}{4} = \frac{a^{2} v}{2} + \frac{a^{2} \sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(2 v\right)}} \right)}}{4}$$

Hatırlayın ki $$$v=\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{\left|{a}\right|} \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{a^{2} \sin{\left(2 {\color{red}{v}} \right)}}{4} + \frac{a^{2} {\color{red}{v}}}{2} = \frac{a^{2} \sin{\left(2 {\color{red}{\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{\left|{a}\right|} \right)}}} \right)}}{4} + \frac{a^{2} {\color{red}{\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{\left|{a}\right|} \right)}}}}{2}$$

Dolayısıyla,

$$\int{\sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}} d u} = \frac{a^{2} \sin{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{\left|{a}\right|} \right)} \right)}}{4} + \frac{a^{2} \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{\left|{a}\right|} \right)}}{2}$$

Formüller $$$\sin{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}$$$, $$$\sin{\left(2 \operatorname{acos}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}$$$, $$$\cos{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 1 - 2 \alpha^{2}$$$, $$$\cos{\left(2 \operatorname{acos}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} - 1$$$, $$$\sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{\alpha^{2} + 1}$$$, $$$\sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{acosh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{\alpha - 1} \sqrt{\alpha + 1}$$$, $$$\cosh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} + 1$$$, $$$\cosh{\left(2 \operatorname{acosh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} - 1$$$ kullanılarak ifadeyi sadeleştirin:

$$\int{\sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}} d u} = \frac{a^{2} u \sqrt{- \frac{u^{2}}{\left|{a}\right|^{2}} + 1}}{2 \left|{a}\right|} + \frac{a^{2} \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{\left|{a}\right|} \right)}}{2}$$

Daha da sadeleştir:

$$\int{\sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}} d u} = \frac{a^{2} \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{\left|{a}\right|} \right)}}{2} + \frac{u \sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}}}{2}$$

İntegrasyon sabitini ekleyin:

$$\int{\sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}} d u} = \frac{a^{2} \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{\left|{a}\right|} \right)}}{2} + \frac{u \sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}}}{2}+C$$

$$$\int \sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}}\, du = \left(\frac{a^{2} \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{\left|{a}\right|} \right)}}{2} + \frac{u \sqrt{a^{2} - u^{2}}}{2}\right) + C$$$A