Integralen av $$$\cos^{2}{\left(y \right)}$$$

Bestäm $$$\int \cos^{2}{\left(y \right)}\, dy$$$.

Använd potensreduceringsformeln $$$\cos^{2}{\left(\alpha \right)} = \frac{\cos{\left(2 \alpha \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}$$$ med $$$\alpha=y$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\cos^{2}{\left(y \right)} d y}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 y \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)d y}}}$$

Tillämpa konstantfaktorregeln $$$\int c f{\left(y \right)}\, dy = c \int f{\left(y \right)}\, dy$$$ med $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ och $$$f{\left(y \right)} = \cos{\left(2 y \right)} + 1$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 y \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)d y}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(\cos{\left(2 y \right)} + 1\right)d y}}{2}\right)}}$$

Integrera termvis:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\cos{\left(2 y \right)} + 1\right)d y}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d y} + \int{\cos{\left(2 y \right)} d y}\right)}}}{2}$$

Tillämpa konstantregeln $$$\int c\, dy = c y$$$ med $$$c=1$$$:

$$\frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 y \right)} d y}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{1 d y}}}}{2} = \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 y \right)} d y}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{y}}}{2}$$

Låt $$$u=2 y$$$ vara.

Då $$$du=\left(2 y\right)^{\prime }dy = 2 dy$$$ (stegen kan ses »), och vi har att $$$dy = \frac{du}{2}$$$.

Integralen blir

$$\frac{y}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(2 y \right)} d y}}}}{2} = \frac{y}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{2} d u}}}}{2}$$

Tillämpa konstantfaktorregeln $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ med $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ och $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{y}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{2} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{y}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

Integralen av cosinus är $$$\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u} = \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{y}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{4} = \frac{y}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(u \right)}}}}{4}$$

Kom ihåg att $$$u=2 y$$$:

$$\frac{y}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{4} = \frac{y}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(2 y\right)}} \right)}}{4}$$

Alltså,

$$\int{\cos^{2}{\left(y \right)} d y} = \frac{y}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left(2 y \right)}}{4}$$

Lägg till integrationskonstanten:

$$\int{\cos^{2}{\left(y \right)} d y} = \frac{y}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left(2 y \right)}}{4}+C$$

$$$\int \cos^{2}{\left(y \right)}\, dy = \left(\frac{y}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left(2 y \right)}}{4}\right) + C$$$A