Integralen av $$$\frac{1}{s \left(s^{2} - 1\right)}$$$

Bestäm $$$\int \frac{1}{s \left(s^{2} - 1\right)}\, ds$$$.

Låt $$$u=s^{2} - 1$$$ vara.

Då $$$du=\left(s^{2} - 1\right)^{\prime }ds = 2 s ds$$$ (stegen kan ses »), och vi har att $$$s ds = \frac{du}{2}$$$.

Alltså,

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{s \left(s^{2} - 1\right)} d s}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 u \left(u + 1\right)} d u}}}$$

Tillämpa konstantfaktorregeln $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ med $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ och $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{1}{u \left(u + 1\right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 u \left(u + 1\right)} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{u \left(u + 1\right)} d u}}{2}\right)}}$$

Utför partialbråksuppdelning (stegen kan ses »):

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u \left(u + 1\right)} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{u + 1} + \frac{1}{u}\right)d u}}}}{2}$$

Integrera termvis:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{u + 1} + \frac{1}{u}\right)d u}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} - \int{\frac{1}{u + 1} d u}\right)}}}{2}$$

Integralen av $$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ är $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$- \frac{\int{\frac{1}{u + 1} d u}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{2} = - \frac{\int{\frac{1}{u + 1} d u}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}}{2}$$

Låt $$$v=u + 1$$$ vara.

Då $$$dv=\left(u + 1\right)^{\prime }du = 1 du$$$ (stegen kan ses »), och vi har att $$$du = dv$$$.

Alltså,

$$\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u + 1} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{2}$$

Integralen av $$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ är $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{2} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}}{2}$$

Kom ihåg att $$$v=u + 1$$$:

$$\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}{2} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)}}{2} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}{2} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(u + 1\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{2}$$

Kom ihåg att $$$u=s^{2} - 1$$$:

$$- \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{1 + {\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)}}{2} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)}}{2} = - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{1 + {\color{red}{\left(s^{2} - 1\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{2} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(s^{2} - 1\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{2}$$

Alltså,

$$\int{\frac{1}{s \left(s^{2} - 1\right)} d s} = - \frac{\ln{\left(s^{2} \right)}}{2} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{s^{2} - 1}\right| \right)}}{2}$$

Förenkla:

$$\int{\frac{1}{s \left(s^{2} - 1\right)} d s} = - \ln{\left(s \right)} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{s^{2} - 1}\right| \right)}}{2}$$

Lägg till integrationskonstanten:

$$\int{\frac{1}{s \left(s^{2} - 1\right)} d s} = - \ln{\left(s \right)} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{s^{2} - 1}\right| \right)}}{2}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{1}{s \left(s^{2} - 1\right)}\, ds = \left(- \ln\left(s\right) + \frac{\ln\left(\left|{s^{2} - 1}\right|\right)}{2}\right) + C$$$A