Integralen av $$$\frac{x^{3}}{x - 3}$$$

Bestäm $$$\int \frac{x^{3}}{x - 3}\, dx$$$.

Eftersom graden hos täljaren inte är mindre än graden hos nämnaren, utför polynomdivision (stegen kan ses »):

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{x^{3}}{x - 3} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(x^{2} + 3 x + 9 + \frac{27}{x - 3}\right)d x}}}$$

Integrera termvis:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(x^{2} + 3 x + 9 + \frac{27}{x - 3}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{9 d x} + \int{3 x d x} + \int{x^{2} d x} + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x}\right)}}$$

Tillämpa konstantregeln $$$\int c\, dx = c x$$$ med $$$c=9$$$:

$$\int{3 x d x} + \int{x^{2} d x} + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{9 d x}}} = \int{3 x d x} + \int{x^{2} d x} + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x} + {\color{red}{\left(9 x\right)}}$$

Tillämpa potensregeln $$$\int x^{n}\, dx = \frac{x^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$ med $$$n=2$$$:

$$9 x + \int{3 x d x} + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{x^{2} d x}}}=9 x + \int{3 x d x} + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x} + {\color{red}{\frac{x^{1 + 2}}{1 + 2}}}=9 x + \int{3 x d x} + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x} + {\color{red}{\left(\frac{x^{3}}{3}\right)}}$$

Tillämpa konstantfaktorregeln $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ med $$$c=3$$$ och $$$f{\left(x \right)} = x$$$:

$$\frac{x^{3}}{3} + 9 x + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{3 x d x}}} = \frac{x^{3}}{3} + 9 x + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x} + {\color{red}{\left(3 \int{x d x}\right)}}$$

Tillämpa potensregeln $$$\int x^{n}\, dx = \frac{x^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$ med $$$n=1$$$:

$$\frac{x^{3}}{3} + 9 x + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x} + 3 {\color{red}{\int{x d x}}}=\frac{x^{3}}{3} + 9 x + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x} + 3 {\color{red}{\frac{x^{1 + 1}}{1 + 1}}}=\frac{x^{3}}{3} + 9 x + \int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x} + 3 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)}}$$

Tillämpa konstantfaktorregeln $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ med $$$c=27$$$ och $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{x - 3}$$$:

$$\frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{27}{x - 3} d x}}} = \frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + {\color{red}{\left(27 \int{\frac{1}{x - 3} d x}\right)}}$$

Låt $$$u=x - 3$$$ vara.

Då $$$du=\left(x - 3\right)^{\prime }dx = 1 dx$$$ (stegen kan ses »), och vi har att $$$dx = du$$$.

Alltså,

$$\frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + 27 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x - 3} d x}}} = \frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + 27 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}$$

Integralen av $$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ är $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + 27 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = \frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + 27 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

Kom ihåg att $$$u=x - 3$$$:

$$\frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + 27 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} = \frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + 27 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(x - 3\right)}}}\right| \right)}$$

Alltså,

$$\int{\frac{x^{3}}{x - 3} d x} = \frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + 27 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 3}\right| \right)}$$

Lägg till integrationskonstanten:

$$\int{\frac{x^{3}}{x - 3} d x} = \frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + 27 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 3}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{x^{3}}{x - 3}\, dx = \left(\frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{3 x^{2}}{2} + 9 x + 27 \ln\left(\left|{x - 3}\right|\right)\right) + C$$$A