Integralen av $$$\sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}$$$

Bestäm $$$\int \sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$.

Bryt ut en sinusfaktor och skriv resten i termer av cosinus, med hjälp av formeln $$$\sin^2\left(\alpha \right)=-\cos^2\left(\alpha \right)+1$$$ med $$$\alpha=x$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\sin^{3}{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \cos^{2}{\left(x \right)}\right) \sin{\left(x \right)} d x}}}$$

Låt $$$u=\cos{\left(x \right)}$$$ vara.

Då $$$du=\left(\cos{\left(x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = - \sin{\left(x \right)} dx$$$ (stegen kan ses »), och vi har att $$$\sin{\left(x \right)} dx = - du$$$.

Alltså,

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \cos^{2}{\left(x \right)}\right) \sin{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(u^{2} - 1\right)d u}}}$$

Tillämpa konstantfaktorregeln $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ med $$$c=-1$$$ och $$$f{\left(u \right)} = 1 - u^{2}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(u^{2} - 1\right)d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\left(1 - u^{2}\right)d u}\right)}}$$

Integrera termvis:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - u^{2}\right)d u}}} = - {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d u} - \int{u^{2} d u}\right)}}$$

Tillämpa konstantregeln $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$ med $$$c=1$$$:

$$\int{u^{2} d u} - {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = \int{u^{2} d u} - {\color{red}{u}}$$

Tillämpa potensregeln $$$\int u^{n}\, du = \frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$ med $$$n=2$$$:

$$- u + {\color{red}{\int{u^{2} d u}}}=- u + {\color{red}{\frac{u^{1 + 2}}{1 + 2}}}=- u + {\color{red}{\left(\frac{u^{3}}{3}\right)}}$$

Kom ihåg att $$$u=\cos{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- {\color{red}{u}} + \frac{{\color{red}{u}}^{3}}{3} = - {\color{red}{\cos{\left(x \right)}}} + \frac{{\color{red}{\cos{\left(x \right)}}}^{3}}{3}$$

Alltså,

$$\int{\sin^{3}{\left(x \right)} d x} = \frac{\cos^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} - \cos{\left(x \right)}$$

Lägg till integrationskonstanten:

$$\int{\sin^{3}{\left(x \right)} d x} = \frac{\cos^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} - \cos{\left(x \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}\, dx = \left(\frac{\cos^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} - \cos{\left(x \right)}\right) + C$$$A