Integral of $$$\frac{1}{a - b \sqrt{x}}$$$ with respect to $$$x$$$

Find $$$\int \frac{1}{a - b \sqrt{x}}\, dx$$$.

Let $$$u=\sqrt{x}$$$.

Then $$$du=\left(\sqrt{x}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}} dx$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x}} = 2 du$$$.

Therefore,

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{a - b \sqrt{x}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{2 u}{a - b u} d u}}}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ with $$$c=2$$$ and $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{u}{a - b u}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{2 u}{a - b u} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\frac{u}{a - b u} d u}\right)}}$$

Rewrite the numerator of the integrand as $$$ u =- \frac{1}{b}\left(- u b + a\right)+\frac{a}{b}$$$ and split the fraction:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{u}{a - b u} d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{a}{b \left(a - b u\right)} - \frac{1}{b}\right)d u}}}$$

Integrate term by term:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{a}{b \left(a - b u\right)} - \frac{1}{b}\right)d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\frac{1}{b} d u} + \int{\frac{a}{b \left(a - b u\right)} d u}\right)}}$$

Apply the constant rule $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$ with $$$c=\frac{1}{b}$$$:

$$2 \int{\frac{a}{b \left(a - b u\right)} d u} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{b} d u}}} = 2 \int{\frac{a}{b \left(a - b u\right)} d u} - 2 {\color{red}{\frac{u}{b}}}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ with $$$c=\frac{a}{b}$$$ and $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{1}{a - b u}$$$:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{a}{b \left(a - b u\right)} d u}}} - \frac{2 u}{b} = 2 {\color{red}{\frac{a \int{\frac{1}{a - b u} d u}}{b}}} - \frac{2 u}{b}$$

Let $$$v=a - b u$$$.

Then $$$dv=\left(a - b u\right)^{\prime }du = - b du$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$du = - \frac{dv}{b}$$$.

The integral becomes

$$\frac{2 a {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{a - b u} d u}}}}{b} - \frac{2 u}{b} = \frac{2 a {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{b v}\right)d v}}}}{b} - \frac{2 u}{b}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$ with $$$c=- \frac{1}{b}$$$ and $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \frac{1}{v}$$$:

$$\frac{2 a {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{b v}\right)d v}}}}{b} - \frac{2 u}{b} = \frac{2 a {\color{red}{\left(- \frac{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}{b}\right)}}}{b} - \frac{2 u}{b}$$

The integral of $$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ is $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$- \frac{2 a {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{b^{2}} - \frac{2 u}{b} = - \frac{2 a {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}}{b^{2}} - \frac{2 u}{b}$$

Recall that $$$v=a - b u$$$:

$$- \frac{2 a \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)}}{b^{2}} - \frac{2 u}{b} = - \frac{2 a \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(a - b u\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{b^{2}} - \frac{2 u}{b}$$

Recall that $$$u=\sqrt{x}$$$:

$$- \frac{2 a \ln{\left(\left|{a - b {\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)}}{b^{2}} - \frac{2 {\color{red}{u}}}{b} = - \frac{2 a \ln{\left(\left|{a - b {\color{red}{\sqrt{x}}}}\right| \right)}}{b^{2}} - \frac{2 {\color{red}{\sqrt{x}}}}{b}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{\frac{1}{a - b \sqrt{x}} d x} = - \frac{2 a \ln{\left(\left|{a - b \sqrt{x}}\right| \right)}}{b^{2}} - \frac{2 \sqrt{x}}{b}$$

Simplify:

$$\int{\frac{1}{a - b \sqrt{x}} d x} = \frac{2 \left(- a \ln{\left(\left|{a - b \sqrt{x}}\right| \right)} - b \sqrt{x}\right)}{b^{2}}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{\frac{1}{a - b \sqrt{x}} d x} = \frac{2 \left(- a \ln{\left(\left|{a - b \sqrt{x}}\right| \right)} - b \sqrt{x}\right)}{b^{2}}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{1}{a - b \sqrt{x}}\, dx = \frac{2 \left(- a \ln\left(\left|{a - b \sqrt{x}}\right|\right) - b \sqrt{x}\right)}{b^{2}} + C$$$A