Integral of $$$- \cot{\left(x \right)}$$$

Find $$$\int \left(- \cot{\left(x \right)}\right)\, dx$$$.

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ with $$$c=-1$$$ and $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \cot{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \cot{\left(x \right)}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\cot{\left(x \right)} d x}\right)}}$$

Rewrite the cotangent as $$$\cot\left(x\right)=\frac{\cos\left(x\right)}{\sin\left(x\right)}$$$:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\cot{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}}$$

Let $$$u=\sin{\left(x \right)}$$$.

Then $$$du=\left(\sin{\left(x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = \cos{\left(x \right)} dx$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$\cos{\left(x \right)} dx = du$$$.

The integral becomes

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}$$

The integral of $$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ is $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = - {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

Recall that $$$u=\sin{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} = - \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}}}\right| \right)}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{\left(- \cot{\left(x \right)}\right)d x} = - \ln{\left(\left|{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right| \right)}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{\left(- \cot{\left(x \right)}\right)d x} = - \ln{\left(\left|{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \left(- \cot{\left(x \right)}\right)\, dx = - \ln\left(\left|{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right|\right) + C$$$A