Integral of $$$\sin{\left(\pi x^{2} \right)}$$$

Find $$$\int \sin{\left(\pi x^{2} \right)}\, dx$$$.

Let $$$u=\sqrt{\pi} x$$$.

Then $$$du=\left(\sqrt{\pi} x\right)^{\prime }dx = \sqrt{\pi} dx$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$dx = \frac{du}{\sqrt{\pi}}$$$.

So,

$${\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(\pi x^{2} \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(u^{2} \right)}}{\sqrt{\pi}} d u}}}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ with $$$c=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}$$$ and $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sin{\left(u^{2} \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(u^{2} \right)}}{\sqrt{\pi}} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\frac{\int{\sin{\left(u^{2} \right)} d u}}{\sqrt{\pi}}}}$$

This integral (Fresnel Sine Integral) does not have a closed form:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(u^{2} \right)} d u}}}}{\sqrt{\pi}} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} u}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{2}\right)}}}{\sqrt{\pi}}$$

Recall that $$$u=\sqrt{\pi} x$$$:

$$\frac{\sqrt{2} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{u}}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\sqrt{\pi} x}}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{2}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{\sin{\left(\pi x^{2} \right)} d x} = \frac{\sqrt{2} S\left(\sqrt{2} x\right)}{2}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{\sin{\left(\pi x^{2} \right)} d x} = \frac{\sqrt{2} S\left(\sqrt{2} x\right)}{2}+C$$

$$$\int \sin{\left(\pi x^{2} \right)}\, dx = \frac{\sqrt{2} S\left(\sqrt{2} x\right)}{2} + C$$$A