Integral of $$$\frac{4}{3 x - 1}$$$

Find $$$\int \frac{4}{3 x - 1}\, dx$$$.

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ with $$$c=4$$$ and $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{3 x - 1}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{4}{3 x - 1} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(4 \int{\frac{1}{3 x - 1} d x}\right)}}$$

Let $$$u=3 x - 1$$$.

Then $$$du=\left(3 x - 1\right)^{\prime }dx = 3 dx$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$dx = \frac{du}{3}$$$.

The integral can be rewritten as

$$4 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{3 x - 1} d x}}} = 4 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{3 u} d u}}}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ with $$$c=\frac{1}{3}$$$ and $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{1}{u}$$$:

$$4 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{3 u} d u}}} = 4 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}{3}\right)}}$$

The integral of $$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ is $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{4 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{3} = \frac{4 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}}{3}$$

Recall that $$$u=3 x - 1$$$:

$$\frac{4 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)}}{3} = \frac{4 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(3 x - 1\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{3}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{\frac{4}{3 x - 1} d x} = \frac{4 \ln{\left(\left|{3 x - 1}\right| \right)}}{3}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{\frac{4}{3 x - 1} d x} = \frac{4 \ln{\left(\left|{3 x - 1}\right| \right)}}{3}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{4}{3 x - 1}\, dx = \frac{4 \ln\left(\left|{3 x - 1}\right|\right)}{3} + C$$$A