Integral of $$$2 \cos{\left(\pi t \right)}$$$

Find $$$\int 2 \cos{\left(\pi t \right)}\, dt$$$.

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(t \right)}\, dt = c \int f{\left(t \right)}\, dt$$$ with $$$c=2$$$ and $$$f{\left(t \right)} = \cos{\left(\pi t \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{2 \cos{\left(\pi t \right)} d t}}} = {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\cos{\left(\pi t \right)} d t}\right)}}$$

Let $$$u=\pi t$$$.

Then $$$du=\left(\pi t\right)^{\prime }dt = \pi dt$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$dt = \frac{du}{\pi}$$$.

The integral can be rewritten as

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(\pi t \right)} d t}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{\pi} d u}}}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ with $$$c=\frac{1}{\pi}$$$ and $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{\pi} d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\frac{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}{\pi}}}$$

The integral of the cosine is $$$\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u} = \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{2 {\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{\pi} = \frac{2 {\color{red}{\sin{\left(u \right)}}}}{\pi}$$

Recall that $$$u=\pi t$$$:

$$\frac{2 \sin{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{\pi} = \frac{2 \sin{\left({\color{red}{\pi t}} \right)}}{\pi}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{2 \cos{\left(\pi t \right)} d t} = \frac{2 \sin{\left(\pi t \right)}}{\pi}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{2 \cos{\left(\pi t \right)} d t} = \frac{2 \sin{\left(\pi t \right)}}{\pi}+C$$

$$$\int 2 \cos{\left(\pi t \right)}\, dt = \frac{2 \sin{\left(\pi t \right)}}{\pi} + C$$$A