Integral of $$$e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}$$$

Find $$$\int e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}\, dt$$$.

For the integral $$$\int{e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)} d t}$$$, use integration by parts $$$\int \operatorname{u} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{u}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{du}$$$.

Let $$$\operatorname{u}=\cos{\left(t \right)}$$$ and $$$\operatorname{dv}=e^{- t} dt$$$.

Then $$$\operatorname{du}=\left(\cos{\left(t \right)}\right)^{\prime }dt=- \sin{\left(t \right)} dt$$$ (steps can be seen ») and $$$\operatorname{v}=\int{e^{- t} d t}=- e^{- t}$$$ (steps can be seen »).

Therefore,

$${\color{red}{\int{e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)} d t}}}={\color{red}{\left(\cos{\left(t \right)} \cdot \left(- e^{- t}\right)-\int{\left(- e^{- t}\right) \cdot \left(- \sin{\left(t \right)}\right) d t}\right)}}={\color{red}{\left(- \int{e^{- t} \sin{\left(t \right)} d t} - e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}\right)}}$$

For the integral $$$\int{e^{- t} \sin{\left(t \right)} d t}$$$, use integration by parts $$$\int \operatorname{u} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{u}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{du}$$$.

Let $$$\operatorname{u}=\sin{\left(t \right)}$$$ and $$$\operatorname{dv}=e^{- t} dt$$$.

Then $$$\operatorname{du}=\left(\sin{\left(t \right)}\right)^{\prime }dt=\cos{\left(t \right)} dt$$$ (steps can be seen ») and $$$\operatorname{v}=\int{e^{- t} d t}=- e^{- t}$$$ (steps can be seen »).

The integral becomes

$$- {\color{red}{\int{e^{- t} \sin{\left(t \right)} d t}}} - e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}=- {\color{red}{\left(\sin{\left(t \right)} \cdot \left(- e^{- t}\right)-\int{\left(- e^{- t}\right) \cdot \cos{\left(t \right)} d t}\right)}} - e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}=- {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\left(- e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}\right)d t} - e^{- t} \sin{\left(t \right)}\right)}} - e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(t \right)}\, dt = c \int f{\left(t \right)}\, dt$$$ with $$$c=-1$$$ and $$$f{\left(t \right)} = e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}\right)d t}}} + e^{- t} \sin{\left(t \right)} - e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)} d t}\right)}} + e^{- t} \sin{\left(t \right)} - e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}$$

We've arrived to an integral that we already saw.

Thus, we've obtained the following simple equation with respect to the integral:

$$\int{e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)} d t} = - \int{e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)} d t} + e^{- t} \sin{\left(t \right)} - e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}$$

Solving it, we get that

$$\int{e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)} d t} = \frac{\left(\sin{\left(t \right)} - \cos{\left(t \right)}\right) e^{- t}}{2}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)} d t} = \frac{\left(\sin{\left(t \right)} - \cos{\left(t \right)}\right) e^{- t}}{2}$$

Simplify:

$$\int{e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)} d t} = - \frac{\sqrt{2} e^{- t} \cos{\left(t + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)} d t} = - \frac{\sqrt{2} e^{- t} \cos{\left(t + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2}+C$$

$$$\int e^{- t} \cos{\left(t \right)}\, dt = - \frac{\sqrt{2} e^{- t} \cos{\left(t + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2} + C$$$A