Integral of $$$e^{- x}$$$

Let $$$u=- x$$$.

Then $$$du=\left(- x\right)^{\prime }dx = - dx$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$dx = - du$$$.

Thus,

$${\color{red}{\int{e^{- x} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(- e^{u}\right)d u}}}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ with $$$c=-1$$$ and $$$f{\left(u \right)} = e^{u}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- e^{u}\right)d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{e^{u} d u}\right)}}$$

The integral of the exponential function is $$$\int{e^{u} d u} = e^{u}$$$:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{e^{u} d u}}} = - {\color{red}{e^{u}}}$$

Recall that $$$u=- x$$$:

$$- e^{{\color{red}{u}}} = - e^{{\color{red}{\left(- x\right)}}}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{e^{- x} d x} = - e^{- x}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{e^{- x} d x} = - e^{- x}+C$$

$$$\int e^{- x}\, dx = - e^{- x} + C$$$A